Example Sentences of the Verb Leave in English

This page provides example sentences of the verb leave in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form leave / Past Simple left / Past Participle left / Gerund leaving Present Simple I usually leave for work at seven in the morning. Present Simple Passive Books are left on the desk at the front of the room. Present Continuous Mary is leaving for London today. Present Continuous Passive The city is being left by thousands this week. Present Perfect She hasnt left for the meeting yet. Present Perfect Passive The city hasnt been left by everybody yet. Present Perfect Continuous She has been leaving reminders around the house for years. Past Simple I left for work early yesterday morning. Past Simple Passive The magazine was left on the table yesterday afternoon. Past Continuous We were leaving for our vacation when they arrived. Past Continuous Passive The tourists were being left behind when the tour guide noticed they were missing. Past Perfect They had already left home when we got there. Past Perfect Passive The ticket had been left behind so he couldnt come. Past Perfect Continuous She had been leaving him reminders for a while before he remembered to take out the trash. Future (Will) Alice will leave soon. Future (Will) Passive The book will be left by the student. Future (Going To) We are going to leave on Friday. Future (Going To) Passive The house is going to be left by the visitors next week. Future Continuous This time next week we will be leaving on vacation. Future Perfect She will have left him by the end of next month. Future Possibility She might leave at the end of the week. Real Conditional If she leaves him, he will be very unhappy. Unreal Conditional If she left him, he would be very unhappy. Past Unreal Conditional If she had left him, he would have been very unhappy. Present Modal You can leave at any time. Past Modal They must have left early.

The Power of Police Essay - 1541 Words

The Power of Police In the past decade, many police departments have adopted a new theory that says serious crime can be reduced by controlling minor disorders and fixing up obvious signs of decay or litter. The theory is called broken windows, after a 1982 Atlantic Monthly magazine article by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling. The article argued that when low-level quality-of-life offenses were tolerated in a community, more serious crime would follow. According to this view, broken windows, abandoned buildings, public drinking, litter and loitering cause good people to stay in their houses or move out of the neighborhood entirely, leave criminals free to roam and send a message that law violations are not taken seriously. The†¦show more content†¦And that is precisely what has happened. To justify a stop under the Supreme Courts Terry decision, a police officer must have a reasonable suspicion of some wrongdoing. In determining reasonableness, an officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts that warrant the governmental intrusion; reliance on inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or [a] hunch is not permissible. Furthermore, the scope of any resulting police search must be narrowly tailored to match the original reason for the stop. The Court emphasized that a search must always be strictly circumscribed by the exigencies which justif[ied] its initiation. In Terry, the Court identified the police officers safety as the primary purpose for the search, and concluded that a frisk is permissible if a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger (Cornell Law 3) However, this case established the legal precedent that police officers could draw conclusions based on their e xperiences to ascertain if an alleged suspects conduct is an indication of criminal activity. If a police officer surmises that an individuals conduct is ambiguous, then the officer can briefly detain the person and conduct a limited search for the safety ofShow MoreRelatedPolice Powers1914 Words   |  8 Pagesfree from police custody until the next stage of the process of the case (trial). The custody officer has the power to either decide if bail is granted or not. If the officer refuses to grant bail they must present the case to magistrate court soon as possible. Bail Bail means that after someone has been charged they are free from police custody until the next stage of the process of the case (trial). The custody officer has the power to eitherRead MorePolice Power Etc.1676 Words   |  7 PagesScenario 3 Weatherbell and Farzal are Police Constables on duty when receiving a call from All That Glitters - jewellers in the shopping centre about a woman who is believed to be a theft.The information they have got about the suspect is : young,tall woman with long blonde hair wearing jeans and black jacket carrying a black rucksack. As the police constables mentioned above drove past Station Square they see young woman meeting the description they have. When officer Weathrbell runs after theRead MorePolice Abuse Of Powers Of Police Officers1772 Words   |  8 PagesNa’Darius Nealey English 4 Period 4B Ms.K 2 September 2014 Police Abuse of Powers Police officers are given a lot of power because it is needed to help protect citizens and the community. However, police often abuse their power by the over use of force, corruption, sexual misconduct, bias based policing, and failure to maintain police ethics. (Peak, 2011) The over use of force would include: unjustified shootings, severe beatings, fatal chokings, and rough treatment. Policing is a very dangerousRead MoreThe Power Of Police Officers954 Words   |  4 Pagesstressful role that takes its toll on police officers, more so because in these situations, an incident may arise that needs to be dealt with decisively. However, with the plethora of inaccurate and unjustified reports of police brutality, and the reciprocating media backlash, police officers are put in a haphazard situation that does not allow them to make quick decisions and act accordingly. The fact of the matter is that for decades, the tension between police officers and the overall populace hasRead MorePolice Powers And The Constitution1038 Words   |  5 Pagesreviewing all the issues raised in Modules 1-5 I actually found it a little difficult to directly relate any of them to my present occupation. As I mentioned in my introduction I am currently employed as a law enforcement officer. When we discuss police powers and the Constitution directly in relation to law enforcement the mind is naturally drawn to the amendments. I most certainly don’t stop to consider the implications of judicial qualifications and the impact of our government structure on our dayRead MorePolice Authority, Police Power and Police Use of Force Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will describe police power and police authority. I will also talk about police discretion as for as whom gets locked up and who is allowed to go free. This paper will discuss the different use of police force. In this paper I will also talk about police attitude, police misconduct, and physical abuse among police officers. Most people confuse police authority with police power. What are police authority and or police power? Souryal, (2007), stated, â€Å"That Authority is theRead MoreRape Police Authority And Power1030 Words   |  5 Pagesone times as likely as their white peers to be killed by police is drawn from reports filed for the years 2010 to 2012, the three most recent years for which FBU numbers are available (Deadly Force).† Looking at this report from ProPublica, lethal weapons have been used by police upon black men throughout the time, and the numbers have been increasing every upcoming years. Ferguson is one of the example about abusing police authority and power. There are stereotypes exists in our society that blackRead MorePolice Power Abuse And Discrimination2321 Words   |  10 PagesMichael Villar Mrs. Ricobaldi English 12CP 02 May 2016 Police Power Abuse Abuse of power and discrimination are bound to happen when people are given the position of authority over others. This happens in businesses, households, and in the police force. The corruption and abuse of policing is a serious problem facing many people living in the world today. But in countries that are less developed there is an abundance of power abuse and corruption especially over the poor and marginalized who fallRead MoreEssay on Misuse of Police Powers2001 Words   |  9 Pages Within our police system in America, there are gaps and loopholes that give leeway to police officials who either abuse the authority given to them or do not represent the ethical standards that they are expected to live up to. Because of the nature of police work, there is a potential for deterioration of these ethical and moral standards through deviance, misconduct, corruption, and favoritism. Although these standards are set in place, many police are not held accountable for their actions a ndRead MorePolice Power Is An Awaking Leviathan1874 Words   |  8 Pagesdeviant act because of easier access to the organization’s resources. Thus managers, law enforcers form a much higher position level or businesses’ owners can be expected to break the rules and the constitutional law. â€Å"In the United States today, police power is an awaking leviathan† (Caldero Crank, 2010). Every job in its very nature, especially in the criminal justice field, involves a slippery slope or the potential for gradual deterioration of social-moral inhibitions and perceived sense of permissibility

Project Management for Business and Technology- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Management for Business and Technology. Answer: Project methodology and its role into project management Nicholas and Steyn (2017) stated that project methodology is model that the project manager employs for designing, planning, implementing along with achieving of the objectives of the project. In order to finish the project work within scheduled time and budget, project methodologies are used. Rainer, Prince and Watson (2014) mentioned that project methodology is se of proper repeatable processes which help in introducing of reliability, flexibility as well as competence which improve the quality to manage the business projects (Turner, 2016). Project methodologies are used in improving alignment of the projects, increasing the competitive advantage, producing of better and faster business results, helping to predict requirements of staffs and improving the management information. The project methodologies are used into various project management processes designed for supporting the project manager involved into the business projects. The goal of project management methodologies is to finish the tasks faster needed for the projects. It also rises of strategies to handle the project issues (Rosemann vom Brocke, 2015). There are different types of project methodologies such as PRINCE2, Agile XP, Waterfall and Agile Scrum. Within the project management, the role of project methodologies are to specify what tasks are required to undertaken and when to perform them for maximizing the time along with resources. Day-by-days, the project management methodologies are become larger as well as more complex. This methodology is helpful into the project as it helps to tackle the project properly along with systematically integrate all the project activities (Karaman Kurt, 2015). At the operational level, this particular methodology plays a key role into delivering of the organizations empowers with the project team to do the needful work. This methodology enables the organization to deliver of cost effective and scheduled solutions to the project manager. Selected methodology: PRINCE2 The selected methodology is PRINCE2 methodology. It is a process based methods for the project management. Structured project management orders the project into defined steps to make it logical as well as organized. PRINCE2 provides written description of project management approach. This particular methodology divides the entire project work into manageable stages. On the other hand, PMBOK is set of standard and guidelines for the project management (Spundak, 2014). The strength of PMBOK is to teach knowledge base of project management profession while PRINCE2 sets out standard approach to run the project. Similarities between PMBOK and PRINCE2 methods processes Both PMBOK and PRINCE2 processes are similar in some of the key areas as follows: PMBOK is a standard which is used in the project management and PRINCE2 is a method which is used in all types of projects. Similarity is that both are used into the project management. Both are guides on the project management. Both have initiation phase, planning, execution, controlling and closing phase into the project phases (Joslin Muller, 2015). Both describes what the project manager knows and should able to do. Differences between PMBOK and PRINCE2methods processes Features PMBOK PRINCE2 Definition It is standard and guide. It is structured. Themes and knowledge areas There are ten knowledge areas. There are seven themes. Process and activities There are 5 process groups along with 47 processes. There are 7 processes along with 35 activities (Turner, 2016). Techniques It covers of techniques for each process. It consists of only specific techniques for PRINCE2. Focus The focus is on requirements of customer (Rainer, Prince Watson, 2014). The focus is on business case in addition to product. Role of project board It only provides the role of project sponsor. The project board provides the oversight of the project. Practical and comprehensive It is comprehensive. It is practical and focused on critical areas. Identification of methodology and processes relate to the project life cycle (PLC) PMBOK processes and PRINCE2 methodologies are related to the project life cycle. At first, the methodologies provide an overview of the entire project to strategy which is planned. Most key important step into PLC is planning phase which includes of risk assessment for completing all the project tasks on scheduled time. The methods and processes related to PLC are: Initiation: It agrees with vision of the project with providing of detailed justifications to the project work (Nicholas Steyn, 2017). The project manager is assigned at this phase to manage the entire work. Approval is taken from the higher authority to move forward with the detailed project plan. Planning: It collects of all required project information and develops the project scope. It reviews all the indicators of project to assess the risks on time before it affects the project. A budget plan is done to include of cost for PLC. Communication needs, risk assessment plan and training needs are reviewed. Executing: A project team is developed along with review of the security plan for the project team members (Rosemann vom Brocke, 2015). A quality assurance plan is prepared to achieve quality project work. All the stakeholders should be updated with project information along with project status. Monitoring: The entire project work is monitored and controlled by measuring the project performance using key performance indicators. Status review meeting and testing plan is implemented on time. Lessons learnt documents are prepared with getting approval to finish the project. Closing: All the project deliverables are obtained and all project cost are summarized which is spent on the project (Karaman Kurt, 2015). If there are any timeline changes, then change document is created. Finally, all the closure documents are formalized. References Joslin, R., Muller, R. (2015). Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), 1377-1392. Karaman, E., Kurt, M. (2015). Comparison of project management methodologies: prince 2 versus PMBOK for it projects.Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research,4(5), 657-664. Nicholas, J. M., Steyn, H. (2017).Project management for engineering, business and technology. Taylor Francis. Rainer, R. K., Prince, B., Watson, H. J. (2014).Management Information Systems. Wiley Publishing. Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Spundak, M. (2014). Mixed agile/traditional project management methodologyreality or illusion?.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,119, 939-948. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.

Taxation Laws for Residence and Source

Question: Describe about the Taxation Laws for Residence and Source. Answer: Case Study1: Residence and Source The determination of the residential status is made in the light of the provisions specified in the taxation laws of a country. In Australia, the government has promulgated the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 to provide for the matters connected with the taxation of the income (Prince, 2013). Further, the Australian Taxation Office works as the administrative body in Australia and bears the responsibility for the imposition and collection of the income tax. Additionally, the Australian Taxation Office also provides for the rules to help the taxpayers in determination of the taxable income. It is important to note here that in regard to determination of the taxable income the residential status plays a crucial role (Prince, 2013). The provisions of section 6 of Incomes Tax Assessment Act 1997, defines the non-resident as the taxpayer not a resident of Australia. The determination that whether a taxpayer is a resident of Australiais made in accordance with the tax ruling 98/17 issued by the Australian Taxation Office (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). The ruling provides three types tests of residency such as domicile test, 183 days test, and superannuation test for determination of the residential status of an individual taxpayer. A brief description of these tests of residency is given as under: Domicile Test: The provisions prescribe that an individual having permanent place of living (abode) is deemed as resident of Australia (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). 183 Day Test: Here, the period of stay is taken into account. The provisions prescribe that an individual staying for a period of 183 days or more during the income year in Australia is deemed as resident (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Superannuation Test: This test is specific to the government employees of Australia and provides that government employees of Australia deputed outside Australia to perform duties in connection with the employment will be deemed as resident (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Further, it should be noted that in applying the 183 days test, the other considerations such as behaviour of the individual and intention and purpose of stay in Australia are taken into account. After taking into account all the factors, if it appears to the commissioner of Income tax that the individual coming to Australia intents to live permanently there, the commissioner may regard that individual as resident even if the period of stay is less than 183 days (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). In the current case, Fred who resides ordinarily in the UK comes on an official visit to Australia. The main purpose of this visit of Fred is to set up a branch office in Australia. Further, the behaviour of Fred indicates his intention to live for longer period in Australia. For instance, his wife accompanies him and he rented out the property in UK. These circumstances would be enough for the commissioner of the income tax to conclude that Freds intention is to live permanently in Australia. Moreover, the actual period of Freds Stay in Australia is 11 months, which is more than 183 days. Thus, it could be articulated that Fred is a resident of Australia for income tax purposes. Case study 2: Ordinary Income There have been contradictions in various cases on the issues of taxation of sale of land. The outcomes in respect of few of the cases of sales of land have been discussed as under: Case 1: Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 In this case, the taxpayer sold land to a company and received shares from that company as the consideration of the land. The taxpayer made huge profits out of this transaction. The income tax authorities levied tax on these profits considering as ordinary business income, whereas, the taxpayer contended that the profits were not taxable as ordinary business income (Manyam, 2011). The issue came up before the court for determination of the nature of profit wherein the court made the following observations: The mere realization of the investment (land or securities) or enhancement in the value of investment is not liable to tax, but the realization of the investment with the business motive is taxable. The existence of business nature activities is necessary to tax the profits on sale of land as ordinary business income (CCH Australia Limited, 2011). In the current case, the court observed that Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd was holding the land not as investment but as trading asset. Referring to the memorandum of the company, the court found that there was business objective behind the sale of land (CCH Australia Limited, 2011). Based on these observations, the court pronounced that the taxpayer was carrying on the business activities and thus, the profits of sale of land are taxable as ordinary business income. Case 2: Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 In this case, the taxpayer company was engaged in the mining operations and for this purpose the company acquired land. After several years of operations when the mines got exhausted, the company sold that land carrying out some development work and subdividing it. The income tax authorities taxed the profits earned from sale of land as ordinary business income, while the taxpayer contended that the same were capital receipts not liable to tax (Jade. 2016). The taxpayer appealed against the decision of the income tax authorities in the high court. While hearing this case, the court observed that the development work carried out by the taxpayer was merely to sale the land in the most advantageous way (High Court, 1950). The subdivision and the development work carried out by the taxpayer was not substantial that indicates carrying business. Thus, the court held that the taxpayer was merely engaged in realisation of the capital asset, which should not and can notbe equated with carryin g on the business of land development. The court ordered to set aside the orders made by the commissioner to tax the profits on sale of land as ordinary business income. Case 3: FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR In this case, Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd sold land after carrying out some development work. Once again the income tax authorities and the taxpayer got head to head on the issue of levying tax on the profits from the sale of the land (Jade, 2016). Considering the fact that the taxpayer carried out certain development work on the land before finally disposing off the same, the income tax authorities levied tax on the profits. The company appealed against the decision of the income tax authorities in the federal court of Australia (Jade, 2016). In this case, the federal court of Australia pronounced its decision in favour of the taxpayer taking the high courts decision pronounced in the case of Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd as base. However, the circumstances of this case were quite different from those that were prevailing in the Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd. Considering this fact, the income tax authorities appealed in the high court to overrule the decision of the federal cour t (Hart, 2007). The high court observed that the taxpayer altered the articles of association and includedland development and sale as one of the business activities (Jade, 2016). Further, it was observed that the taxpayer company changed the ownership structure before the sale of the land being made. Considering these facts, the high court held that in this case the company was not merely realising the capital asset, but it was engaged in the business of land development. Therefore, the high court overruled the decision of the federal court and opined that the profit on sale of land to be taxed as ordinary business income (Jade, 2016). Case 4: Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 In the case, the issue in question was that whether the profits earned from the sale of the land after carrying out development work to be taxed as ordinary business income. The court observed that it is the a well established principle that if the land development work was carried out merely to get the land sold advantageously and there was no hint of profit making scheme, the profit from sale of land could not be taxed as ordinary business income(Morse, 2016). In the present case, the court did not find any profit making scheme being acted upon by the taxpayer in carrying out the sale of the land. Further, the court took the following facts into consideration before disposing off the appeal: The development work was limited to clearing of the land and minor structural changes (Wolters kluwer, 2016). The sale of land was not advertised as the companies engaged in the land development usually do. The sale of land took place simply through real estate agents (Wolters kluwer, 2016). The court asserted that these circumstances indicate that the land development work carried out by the taxpayer was for mere realization of the capital asset. There was no intention to carry on business of land development was seen. Thus, the court held that the profit earned on the sale land was not taxable as ordinary business income in this case (Wolters kluwer, 2016). Case 5: Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 In this case, the taxpayer was engaged in the business of farming in the name of Action View a proprietorship firm. For the purpose of business, the taxpayer was holding various farms in the area of operations. In the later years, the taxpayer subdivided the land, which was caught by the income tax authorities to levy tax (AUSTAX PBR, 2016). The income tax authorities levied tax on the profit on subdivision and sale of land considering the same as land development business income. However, the taxpayer contended that he was not engaged in the business of land development and thus, the profit on sale of land should not be taxed as ordinary business income (AUSTAX PBR, 2016). The court observed that the subdivision and development of the land was mainly done to sale the land in the most advantageous way and pay off the accumulated debt out of the sales proceeds. Further, the court observed that there was not any plan or scheme made up for the sale of the land with the profit motive (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Additionally, it was also observed that the development work carried out by the taxpayer was limited. There was no construction of dwelling and internal fencing on the land subdivided. With these facts, the court asserted that the taxpayer can not be said to be engaged in the business of land development. Therefore, the court ordered that the sale of land by carrying out subdivision was merely the realization of the capital asset, which is not to be taxed as ordinary business income (AUSTAX PBR, 2016). Case 6: Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 In this case, the company was engaged in selling sand extracted from the land. Further, the company was also engaged in selling the land after extraction of sand there from. The sale of land was also the primary activity alongside the sale of sand in the case of Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC (Wolters Kluwer, 2016). The company used to hold the land until it could get a good price for the same. Thus, the profit motive was quite clear as the company was holding the land to earn profit by selling it. Considering these facts, the commissioner of income tax levied tax on the profits earned on the sale of land as ordinary business income. However, the company appealed to the tribunal against the order of the commissioner contending that the sale of land was not the business activity undertaken by the company. Further, the plaintiff claimed that the sale of land was ancillary to the main business of extracting and selling sand, thus, the profit on sale of land should not be taxed as business inco me (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). The tribunal considered the claims of the taxpayer and took the view that the sale of land was secondary to the business of extracting and selling sand. Therefore, the tribunal allowed the appeal and decided the case in favor of the taxpayer. However, the matter was not closed yet, now the income tax authorities went to appeal to the high court challenging the decision of the tribunal. The high court observed that there was intention of the taxpayer to sell the land with the profit motive and thus, the elements of business were present in land selling. The high court asserted that the findings of the commissioner were valid and overruled the decision of the tribunal (Wolters Kluwer, 2016). Case 7: Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 In this case, the court ordered to tax the profits earned on the sale of land as ordinary business income. The court observed that the taxpayer was engaged in the land development business. The activities of subdivision and land development were repetitive and systematic, which established the existence of the land development business. Considering the nature of activities carried out by the taxpayer, the court was satisfied that the sale of land was undertaken with the profit making motive (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Further, in regard to the nature of profits and gains, the court made the following observations: The profits and gains arising from a transaction that forms part of the ordinary business of the taxpayer is to be taxed under section 25 of the income tax assessment act 1936 (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). However, the profits and gains arising from a transaction which is incidental to the main business need to be treated differently for income tax purposes (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). The circumstances of the current case indicate that the taxpayer was continuously carrying out land development activities and thus, the sale of land in this case could not be said to be incidental. Based on these findings, the court ordered to tax the profits earned on the sale of land as ordinary business income (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Case 8: McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 In the current case, the taxpayers were in possession of the inherited land. On this inherited land, the taxpayers carried certain development work and constructed dwellings. On sale of these dwellings, the profit was taxed by the income tax authorities as the ordinary business income (Wolters Kluwer, 2016). However, the taxpayers were of the view that the profits earned on the sale of the dwellings should not be charged to tax as ordinary business income. They claimed that there were no business activities being carried out in relation to the sale of the dwellings. However, the court observed that the taxpayers made the arrangements with the engineers and property consultants in regards to the development work and sale of the dwellings (Wolters Kluwer, 2016). Finally, considering all the circumstances, the court found that the inherent intention of the taxpayers was to develop the dwellings and sale them to earn profit. Thus, the court found the profit making motive in the land development work carried out by the taxpayer and ordered to tax the profits as ordinary business income(Wolters Kluwer, 2016). References Prince, J.B. 2013. Tax for Australians for dummies. John Wiley Sons. Australian Taxation Office. 2016. TR 98/17: Income tax: residency status of individuals entering Australia.[Online]. Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?Docid=TXR/TR9817/NAT/ATO/00001[Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Australian Taxation Office. 2016. Test of Residency. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/Residency-tests/[Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. CCH Australia Limited. 2011. Australian tax casebook. CCH Australia Limited. Hart, G. 2007. The limited impact of whitfords beach in urban land development. Revenue law journal, 1(17), pp. 1-14. Manyam, J. 2011. Taxation of gains from banking and insurance businesses in New Zealand. Revenue law journal, 1(20), pp. 1-29. High Court. 1950. The Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd. [Online]. Available at: https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/getPdf/1/238280/1_81clr188.pdf?sequence=3isAllowed=y [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Jade. 2016. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188.[Online]. Available at: https://jade.io/article/64663 [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Jade. 2016. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR.[Online]. Available at: https://jade.io/article/67040[Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Wolters kluwer. 2016. Statham Anor v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation, Federal Court of Australia, Full Court, 23 December 1988.[Online]. Available at:https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio544343sl16788832/statham-anor-v-federal-commissioner-of-taxation-federal-court-of-australia-full-court-23-december-1988[Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Morse. 2016. Selling the farm piecemeal the tax issues. [Online]. Available at:https://www.morsegroup.com.au/files/docs/white%20papers/morse%20group_white%20paper_selling%20the%20farm%20piecemeal.pdf [Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. Australian Taxation Office. 2016. Sale of subdivided farm land. [Online]. Available at:https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID2002273/00001[Accessed on: 15 September 2016]. AUSTAX PBR. 2016. Casimaty v FC of T97 ATC 5135(Casimaty's Case).[Online]. Available at:https://austaxpbr.com.au/document/PBR_84107#section_9[Accessed on: 16 September 2016]. Australian Taxation Office. 2016. Sale of subdivided farm land. [Online]. Available at:https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=TXR/TR923/NAT/ATO/00001[Accessed on: 16 September 2016]. Wolters Kluwer. 2016. Moana Sand Pty. Limited v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation, Federal Court of Australia, Full Court, 21 November 1988. [Online]. Available at:https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio545633sl16801479/moana-sand-pty-limited-v-federal-commissioner-of-taxation-federal-court-of-australia-full-court-21-november-1988 [Accessed on: 16 September 2016]. Australian Taxation Office. 2016. Sale of subdivided farm land. [Online]. Available at:https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=AID/AID200155/00001 [Accessed on: 16 September 2016]. Wolters Kluwer. 2016. McCURRY ANOR v FC of T, Federal Court of Australia, 15 May 1998.[Online]. Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539084sl16707683/mccurry-anor-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-15-may-1998 [Accessed on: 16 September 2016].

The Wait Essay Example For Students

The Wait Essay Suzy was waiting at the kinder gate for her Mummy to pick her up and take her home. She saw a red car pull up, that was Sallys car Bye Sally! said Suzy see you tomorrow! A big blue car pulled up in front of the kindi; that was not her mummys car. That was Tom and Tims car They were twins. By Tom and Tim said Suzy see you tomorrow! A little yellow car drove into the kindi driveway. Suzys mum wasnt in it either. It was Lucys car. Lucys curls bobbed as she hopped in. Bye Suzy said Lucy See you tomorrow! We will write a custom essay on The Wait specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Bye. Said Suzy. She turned around so she could see the teacher, Miss Thatcher. She was still there waiting for everybodys mummies and daddies to pick them up. Soon, all of Suzys friends were gone: Mark, Sammy, Julia, Pete and even Jane. It was getting dusky, the sun was going down. I tell you what, said Miss Thatcher, Come inside, Ill make you a cup of cocoa and you can have some teddy bear biscuits while I give your mummy a ring. Suzy nodded her head and tried to hold back her tears like a big girl. Had her Mummy forgotten her? She went inside and started munching on biscuits and sipping cocoa. The moment Miss Thatcher picked up the phone to ring Suzys mummy they heard a car honking in the driveway. Mummy! Suzy shouted. Sorry Im so late pumpkin, Said Suzys mum But I had to pick up something very special for your birthday but youll have to wait until tomorrow to see what it is. Awwww! whined Suzy Thanks Very much for waiting with me Miss Thatcher, Ill be the first one finger painting tomorrow!

Mining in Canada essays

Mining in Canada essays The importance of mining is definitely significant to Canada. Mining, is an important industry, and Canadians are very advanced in their mining technology, but during the mining process, there is certain level of pollution produced. The Canadian government and the mining companies have very good plans and controls toward this problem, while ensuring the smooth running of the industries, and also helping to create strong economy and The world of today could not exist without mineral products. Canada produces about 60 minerals and ranks first among producing countries1. As well, Canada is the largest exporter of minerals, with more than 20 per cent of production shipped to world markets2. In a typical year, the mining industry is responsible for almost 20 per cent of Canada's total export earnings3 (See Appendix A). As for the employment rate, over 70 per cent of the mines are owned by Canadians and approximately 108,000 Canadians are directly employed in the mining industry4. Mining is very important in Canadian life. Not only do the products power the family car and heat the family home, the manufacturing sector, the high tech industries and even the better known resource industries are all dependent, in some way, on the mining industry. The mining industry will continue to be an important Mining is taking full advantage of the quick expansion of computers and microelectronics. These technologies are found in nearly every aspect of mineral development activity - from exploration methods, through production, mineral processing and even marketing. Computers and related equipment now have a lot of different applications in geophysical logging, geochemistry, geological mapping and surface contouring5. At the mine planning stage, the job of designing a mine is now greatly simplified by automation. Through the use of advanced software, geological models can be produced ...

What effect national cultural has on the marketing strategies of Essay

What effect national cultural has on the marketing strategies of business - Essay Example This essay discusses that as businesses expand into the international markets, it is imperative to better understand why a business, successful in one country, fails in its foreign markets. One major reason is that firms fail to understand and account for national cultural differences. This led to the 1990 mandate by the Marketing Science Institute to examine national cultural effects on market orientation for the firm. From this mandate came numerous theoretical and empirical works. The works studied two main areas, the affects of national culture on business performance and the affects of national culture on marketing efforts. Academic works on national cultural effects on marketing efforts lead to a split in the theory. It is argued for the globalization strategy that predicted consumer tastes would converge and marketing efforts should be directed toward standardization of products and marketing strategies. On the other side, Quelch and Hoff, Douglas and Wind, and de Mooij & Hofs tede contend that standardized global markets are a myth and that each nation requires firms to adapt and customize their products and marketing strategies. Both theories have strong arguments and empirical evidence to support their claims. Proceeding from the premise that retail marketing strategies are a key component to revenue generation for the retailer, this study, especially when it comes to retailing, subscribes to the theory that national culture should have an affect on the marketing strategy of the firm. These strategies can mean the success or failure of the company. To market effectively to the consumer, the marketer must understand what motivates the consumer to purchase at their store and not their competitors. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Numerous authors have studied various market theories and models with respect to national cultural effects. Their works looked at the specifics of marketing tasks to culture (micromarketing view) and the marketing concept to culture (macro marketing view). However, there are no significant works on the view between the micromarketing and the macromarketing in which the realm of marketing strategy falls. One reason for this is that it is typically a more difficult area to study. Each type of business dictates a different marketing strategy. It is easier to study very specific items, such as culture to product development (Hill & Still 1984; Imai & Takeuchi 1985; Nakata 1996), or culture to product choice. (Fawcett 1999; Luna & Gupta 2001) Or study very broad topics, such as national culture to market orientation. (Deshpande, Farley & Webster, 1993) However, the study of marketing strategy is between the micro and macro marketing views making it difficult to develop theories that are testable. Overall marketing strategy is too broad to practically study, yet not homogeneous enough to relate to as a whole. Therefore, to study this area requires the creation of artificial boundaries. Since it is such a difficult area to study authors have not published any significant research that may lead to a better understanding of why businesses have failed in their international efforts. Moreover, there is still debate among the academic community concerning the relevance of national culture in regards to customization versus standardization of products and marketing efforts. (Levitt, 1983; Ohrnae, 1989; Yip 1989; Deadrick, 1997; Olsen 2001) 1.3 Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine what effect national cultural has on the marketing strategies of business. Since marketing strategy is different for each type of business the only way to successfully study marketing strategy to national culture is to limit the study to one specific type of business. In this paper, the author looks to relate the marketing str

Software engineering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Software engineering - Assignment Example Manager will hold administrative rights and will only be generating administrative orders. The designed software will minimize the need of paper work at the company. A centralized database will be deployed which will remove many issues such as maintaining records twice or inconsistent data. Through database techniques such as transaction roll back, recovery and cascade delete/update, the system will always contain updated and valid data. RUP alongwith UML has been used to design the software. RUP is based on UML and it ensures the production of a high quality software which meets the need of the clients and the users within the alloted time and budget. Part 1 – Development Plan 1. ... Analysis and Design: Analyze and design the system to be a feasible solution -Economic feasibility: The system should be designed within the allotted budget and time -Operational feasibility: The transactions are secure and cannot be tampered. The transactions can be rolled back, in case of a return back of an order. -Technical feasibility: Software, hardware and network issues should be as less as possible. 3. Implementation: Follow Best Practices 4. Testing: Develop Test cases and test the system against the following features: -Functionality: Does it provide the correct functionality? -Reliability: Is the system free of defects and fault tolerant? -Performance: Is the system’s flow smooth enough to be run easily as a daily process? 5. Deployment: -Deploy the system -Provide user manual for the system -Release Documentation for further maintenance of the system -Develop training sessions Part 2 – Use Case Model Create a Ticket: Usecase Create a Ticket Actor Salesperso n Purpose Enter Details about a Product Overview Whenever a new product is taken to the store, a new ticket will be created for the product in which its details will be listed. These tickets will help the customers in instant shopping. Type Primary Cross Reference A new product with no ticket must exist in the stock Actor Action System Response 1. Click on create ticker Return a ticket interface 2. Fill details and enter Save Validate details and show confirmation message Check Price: Usecase Check Price Actor Salesperson Purpose Check the price of an item using the ticket Overview On the request of a customer, any item’s price can be checked through the system immediately using the tickets Type Primary Cross Reference Create a Ticket Actor Action System Response 1. Open Ticket Return the details

Advertisements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Advertisements - Essay Example Looking at the Bacardi advertisement image and discussing about it in terms of the needs it appeals to, we notice from the very beginning that one of them is the need for sex. (Fowles, 17) The man (the only man in the picture) is pouring rum into a glass, accompanied by three beautiful girls. And not only are they beautiful, but they also express, in an innocent manner, desire. The effect of the advertisement is amplified by the fact that one of the girls seems to look directly towards the audience, establishing thus a connection with the one the product is primarily addressed to. And more than that, the setting is an intimate one, a cheerful, luminous and comfortable room. The image of the man accompanied by three women makes also appeal to man’s need for attention (Fowles, 57). We all need to get others’ attention, if we cannot be the centre, we need, at least, to feel some people are interested in us. The advertisement shows more than a feeble interest, the man reall y got the interest of three persons, and they also belong to the opposite sex. If we look more attentively, we see that the women are looking at the way the man is pouring the beverage, so the reason they are fascinated is clear. Connected to some extent to the need for attention, is the need to dominate (Fowles, 51), to feel powerful and in control. Fernando, the man in the picture, seems in control of the situation, he dominates the environment and being in possession of a strong drink he is powerful too. As for the physiological needs (Fowles, 78), the image of nine glasses all full, aligned on the table and the tenth, in man’s hands, with the liquid pouring in it, is appealing enough to get the consumer’s attention and interest. And the use of the superlative of the adjective â€Å"rare† in reference to the Bacardi rum amplifies even more the effect of the image. The advertisement uses a hornblowing type of headline (Bovee, 7) – Bacardi

The Fmcg Industry Of Netherland Marketing Essay

The Fmcg Industry Of Netherland Marketing Essay This Global/ Country Study and Report is prepared as the partial fulfillment for Forth Semester of degree Program of Masters of Business Administration curriculum of GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY. The topic of the project is FMCG Industry in Netherland. Here, the project report on Netherland, we have tried our level best to Collect information from it and prepare this report as an error free report; We assured that all information is trusted: every effort has been made to offer the most authenticate position with accuracy. During the whole project period we got a lot of knowledge and came to know about the reality of the mining industry of the country. Acknowledgement The successful completion of a Global Country Project Report requires guidance help from a number of people. We were fortunate to have all the support from our faculty, therefore take this opportunity to express our profound sense of gratitude to the all those who extended their whole hearted help and support to us in completing the project study report work on FMCG Industry in Netherland. We also express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Ramzan Samaa (Guide Faculty), who has helped us to do our project. We also thank to other faculty of L J Institute of Management Studies respondents for his valuable help in each stage of the project. Because of his co-operation and continuous guidance successful completion of this project study report was made possible. No Acknowledge would suffice for the support of my family members, classmates friends. Lastly, we extend our thanks to all whose name have not been mentioned in successful way carrying out the project report. Index Sr No. Particulars Page No. 1. The FMCG industry of Netherland Introduction 7 2. Upgrades on major mines in North Korea 15 3. The North Korea Mining Business Projects Between Korean Mining Projects Foreign Company Mining Projects 26 4. The outlook for Inter Korean Mining Corporation 34 5. The Indian Mining Industry- Market Opportunities Entry 36 6. Future Prospects 38 7. Conclusion 39 Introduction of FMCG Industry Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) or consumer packaged goods (CPG) are products that are sold quickly and at relatively low cost . Examples include non-durable goods such as soft drinks, and grocery items. Though the absolute profit made on FMCG products is relatively small, they are generally sold in large quantities, and so the cumulative profit on such products can be substantial. Fast-moving consumer electronics are a type of FMCG and are typically low priced generic or easily substitutable consumer electronics, including lower end mobile phones, MP3 players, game players, and digital cameras, which have a short usage life, typically a year or less, and as such are disposable. Cheap FMCG electronics are often retained even after immediate failure, as the purchaser rationalizes the decision to not return the goods on the basis that the goods were cheap to begin with, and that the cost of return relative to the low cost of purchase is high. Thus low-quality electronic FMCG goods can be highly profitable for the vendors. The term FMCGs refers to those retail goods that are generally replaced or fully used up over a short period of days, weeks, or months, and within one year. This contrasts with durable goods or major appliances such as kitchen appliances, which are generally replaced over a period of several years. FMCG have a short shelf life, either as a result of high consumer demand or because the product deteriorates rapidly. Some FMCGs-such as meat, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and baked goods-are highly perishable. Other goods such as alcohol, toiletries, pre-packaged foods, soft drinks, and cleaning products have high turnovers rates. An excellent example is a news papers-every days newspaper carries different content, making one useless just one day later, necessitating a new purchase every day. The following are the main characteristics of FMCGs: From the consumers perspective: Frequent purchase Low involvement (little or no effort to choose the item products with strong brand loyalty are exceptions to this rule) Low price From the marketers angle: High volumes Low contribution margins Extensive distribution networks High stock turnover Introduction of FMCG Industry in Netherland The Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) market in Europe is highly competitive. This market is quite saturated, with thight margins and difficult to predict consumer behavior. The battle to win consumers is forcing companies to give highest priority to cost reduction, risk management and logistics efficiency. Moreover, the recession has changed the behaviour of almost all consumers. Instead of impulsive shopping, price value trade-offs and extensive search for value are nowadays leading. In this respect, you can imagine that e-tailing and e-commerce are becoming more and more trending topics. Online presence of companies has improved enormously in recent years. Every company which delivers their products to end-consumers has its own webshop. MediaMarkt, the electronica retail chain with a franchise-formula, part of the German METRO Group, was one of the last large retail chains which hasnt a webshop untill now. Their invisibility on the web was due to regional price differences of their products. Up to now, because even the MediaMarkt now opened its webshop. Other examples are the British company, The Body Shop, which started last November with their webshop in the Netherlands. Its important to take care of reinforcement between online and offline shop, instead of the other way around. On the other hand, companies with a pure online focus, like bol.com and wehkamp.nl, are reaching the highest turnover levels. A recent research of JP Morgan reveals that the worldwide growth of e-commerce in 2011 will be 19%. In 2012 this growth will be more than 20%. The online sales in the US and Europe will grow at a stable level, but Asia will emerge as a growing e-commerce market. Regarding e-commerce in Europe, the main importance and presence in this segment is coming from West-Europe. In this are, the market is expected to grow with 11% per year in the coming four years. The turnover from online shopping in Western Europe in 2009 was equal to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 68bln. The most popular products to buy online are books, event-tickets and clothing. Recent transactions in the e-commerce market support the above statement. In 2007 Sanoma acquired mrticket.nl, an online ticketing agency. In 2010, the Italian company Arnoldo Mondadori Editore acquired Mondolibri, active in the book segment. Recently, Sanoma Digital acquired (a part of) No Search, an internet marketing company, active in the development of several fashion portals like Fashionchick.nl. As mentioned earlier, online fashion is a high growth segment in the e-commerce market. Based on recent transactions in the e-commerce market, the estimated EBITDA multiple for mid-market companies is on average around 6-8 times EBITDA. Despite the international character of the European e-commerce market, only 7% of all European consumers buy their products in webshops in other EU-countries. Probably, this number will rise in coming years. Looking at the Dutch e-commerce market, youll see that the Netherlands are rather active in this online segment, because 71% of all consumers buy products online. An important reason for the growth of the e-commerce market is the trust that consumers have in the security regarding payments. Just 7% of the Dutch population is worried about this financial security. In the Netherlands, since several years an online secure payment system exists, callled iDeal, which means that customers can easily connect with their bank to make safe online payments. This type of payment is an important succes factor in the e-commerce market. To further realise growth in the e-commerce market in the future, it will be important to develop a cross-channel strategy in the coming years. Consumers will buy offline as well as online and mobile commerce is a new channel, which will develop in the near future. In the Netherlands 69% of the consumers buy products via 2 or more different channels, in the US this percentage is even higher, 78%. In general, for the retail sector, branding and customer loyalty are important factors for success. Nowadays, social media is used to reinforce branding and to promote several in-store loyalty programs as well as customer loyalty programs. In the near future, social media could be used as well for sharing online purchasing activities. Recently, wehkamp.nl has invested in social shopping applications in their webshop, so that customers can shop online together with friends, or could start a private shopping session. Other key factors, which are important to realise the predicted growth in the future are the focus on expansion in other countries as well as a variety of segments in different webshops. Furthermore, the e-commerce segment is of interest to several private equity clubs. It is expected that this will lead to consolidation in the market, which will lead to larger e-commerce companies and a stronger competitiveness in the market. Figures released by Statistics Netherlands show that retail turnover was nearly 1 percent higher in August 2012 than in the same month last year. Prices rose by 1.9 percent, while the volume of sales fell by 1 percent. The favourable shopping-day pattern had a positive effect on turnover in August this year. After correction for this effect, turnover is nearly 2 percent lower, and the volume is around 4 percent lower. Compared with August 2011, turnover in non-food shops was nearly 5 percent lower. The decrease in turnover in the first eight months of 2012 is now just under 4 percent. The largest drop in turnover was reported by shops selling home furnishings; their turnover was 13 percent down on August last year. Textile supermarkets and clothes shops, too, experienced large decreases in turnover. Chemists were the only shops that saw turnover increase. For shops selling food, drink and tobacco turnover rose by 7 percent. After adjustment for the effects of shopping-days, however, this drops to only 2 percent. Prices in these shops rose by 1.5 percent, while the increase in volume was limited. Turnover for mail order companies and internet retailers rose by 9 percent, for petrol stations it grew by nearly 4 percent. FMCG companies/Retail stores in Netherland HEMA (originally an acronym for Hollandsche Eenheidsprijzen Maatschappij Amsterdam, Dutch Standard Prices Company Amsterdam) is a Dutch discount retail chain that started life as a dimestore. It was part of the Maxeda company until June 2007, when it was bought by Lion Capital LLP. The chain is characterized by relative low pricing of generic housewares, which are mostly made by and for the chain itself, often combined with original design. The first HEMA opened in Amsterdam on 4 November 1926, set up by the Jewish owners of the luxury department store De Bijenkorf. Originally, as a price-point retailer at prime locations in town centers, goods were sold using standard prices (hence its name), with everything having a Standard price of 10, 25 or 50 cents, and later also 75 and 100 cents. The relative economic boom in the Netherlands in the period 1900-1930 benefited HEMA. Branches http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/HEMA_interieur.JPG/220px-HEMA_interieur.JPG http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png Since the 1990s, HEMA has also expanded into neighboring countries. HEMA branches by country per 2011: Netherlands: 445 Belgium: 88 Germany: 10 (in 2013) Luxembourg: 4 (in 2013) France: 16 (in 2013) De Bijenkorf De Bijenkorf (literally, the beehive) is a chain of high-end department stores in the Netherlands with its flagship store on Dam Square, Amsterdam. It was founded by Simon Philip Goudsmit (1845-1889). De Bijenkorf flagship store on Dam Square in Amsterdam De Bijenkorf was founded in 1870 by Simon Philip Goudsmit (1845-1889), starting as a small haberdashery shop at 132 Nieuwendijk, one of Amsterdams oldest streets. Initially limited to yarn and ribbons and employing a staff of four, the stock expanded gradually. After the death of Goudsmit in 1889, Goudsmits widow expanded the business with the help of a cousin, Arthur Isaac, and her son Alfred, eventually purchasing adjacent buildings. In 1909, these connecting shops were replaced by a new building. That same year, a temporary building was erected on the site of the demolished Beurs van Zocher, and construction of a new store commenced beside it. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lahayebijenkorf19.JPG/120px-Lahayebijenkorf19.JPG http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png De Bijenkorf in The Hague Rotterdam store, 1930-1940 A third store opened in Rotterdam in 1930, designed by Willem Dudok. 700,000 people attended the ceremony. The store was heavily damaged in the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940. The intact part of the store remained open to business until 1957, but was cleared in 1960 to build the Rotterdam Metro. A new store was designed by Hungarian-American architect Marcel Breuer (1902-1981). As of 2012, de Bijenkorf has 12 stores nationwide. The oldest and largest branches, situated in Amsterdam, The Hague and Rotterdam have retail space ranging between 15,000 and 21,000 square meters. Smaller stores (7,500-10,000 m ² of retail space) can be found in Amstelveen, Arnhem, Eindhoven, Enschede, Utrecht and Maastricht. The branches in Breda, Den Bosch and Groningen specialize in fashion (3,000 m ² retail space). Metz Co Metz Co is a department store in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, founded in 1740 by Mozes Samuels who sold his company to his three sons in 1794. Metz Co. has the right to display the Dutch royal coat of arms with the legend By Royal Warrant Purveyor to the Royal Household since 1815. To celebrate its 150th anniversary in 1890 the store moved to a new location on the Leidsestraat, where the company is still located. One of the first designers was Paul Bromberg (1893-1949), he became famous as a author and promotor of Decorative Arts and Interior Design. The distinctive cupola on the stores roof was built in the 1930s and designed by Dutch artist Gerrit T. Rietveld. Metz Co celebrated its 250th anniversary in 1990 by launching its own fragrance. The roof of the store doubles as an exclusive location for wedding ceremonies. Introduction of FMCG industry in India India is one of the largest emerging markets, with a population of over one billion. India is one of the largest economies in the world in terms of purchasing power and has a strong middle class base of 300 million. FMCG companies operate in a highly competitive and fast-changing environment. In order to stay ahead, they need to regularly renew their product portfolio to suit the ever changing needs and preferences of their customers. ValueNotes has executed in-depth research in many segments of the FMCG industry and can help you keep your finger on the pulse of your existing consumers; identify new markets for your products; track the activities of your competitors; and monitor industry trends. India a large consumer goods spender An average Indian spends around 40 per cent of his income on grocery and 8 per cent on personal care products. The large share of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) in total individual spending along with the large population base is another factor that makes India one of the largest FMCG markets. FMCG Category and products Household Care Fabric wash (laundry soaps and synthetic detergents); household cleaners (dish/utensil cleaners, floor cleaners, toilet cleaners, air fresheners, insecticides and mosquito repellents, metal polish and furniture polish). Food and Health beverages; soft drinks; staples/cereals; Beverages bakery products (biscuits, bread, cakes); snack food; chocolates; ice cream; tea; coffee; soft drinks; processed fruits, vegetables; dairy products; bottled water; branded flour; branded rice; branded sugar; juices etc. Personal Care Oral care, hair care, skin care, personal wash (soaps); cosmetics and toiletries; deodorants; Perfumes; feminine hygiene; paper products. INDIA COMPETITIVENESS AND COMPARISON WITH THE WORLD MARKETS Materials availability India has a diverse agro-climatic condition due to which there exists a wide-ranging and large raw material base suitable for food processing industries. India is the largest producer of livestock, milk, sugarcane, coconut, spices and cashew and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat and fruits vegetables. India also has an ample supply of caustic soda and soda ash, the raw materials in the production of soaps and detergents India produced 1.6 million tonnes of caustic soda in 2003-04. Tata Chemicals, one of the largest producers of synthetic soda ash in the world is located in India. The availability of these raw materials gives India the locational advantage. Cost competitiveness Labour cost comparison Source: DIPP. Apart from the advantage in terms of ample raw material availability, existence of low-cost labour force also works in favour of India. Labour cost in India is amongst the lowest in Asian countries. Easy raw material availability and low labour costs have resulted in a lower cost of production. Many multi-nationals have set up large low cost production bases in India to outsource for domestic as well as export markets. Leveraging the cost advantage Global major, Unilever, sources a major portion of its product requirements from its Indian subsidiary, HLL. In 2003-04, Unilever outsourced around US$ 218 million of home and personal care along with food products to leverage on the cost arbitrage Opportunities with the West. To take another case, Procter Gamble (PG) outsourced the manufacture of Vicks Vaporub to contract manufacturers in Hyderabad, India. This enables PG to continue exporting Vicks Vaporub to Australia, Japan and other Asian countries, but at more competitive rates, whilst maintaining its high quality and cost efficiency. Presence across value chain Indian firms also have a presence across the entire value chain of the FMCG industry from supply of raw material to final processed and packaged goods, both in the personal care products and in the food processing sector. For instance, Indian firm Amuls product portfolio includes supply of milk as well as the supply of processed dairy products like cheese and butter. This makes the firms located in India more cost competitive. FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS POLICY India has enacted policies aimed at attaining international competitiveness through lifting of the quantitative restrictions, reduced excise duties, automatic foreign investment and food laws resulting in an environment that fosters growth. 100 per cent export oriented units can be set up by government approval and use of foreign brand names is now freely permitted. TRENDS AND PLAYERS The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy and creates employment for three million people in downstream activities. Within the FMCG sector, the Indian food processing industry represented 6.3 per cent of GDP and accounted for 13 per cent of the countrys exports in 2003-04. A distinct feature of the FMCG industry is the presence of most global players through their subsidiaries (HLL, PG, Nestle), which ensures new product launches in the Indian market from the parents portfolio. Critical operating rules in Indian FMCG sector à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Heavy launch costs on new products on launch advertisements, free samples and product promotions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Majority of the product classes require very low investment in fixed assets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Existence of contract manufacturing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Marketing assumes a significant place in the brand building process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extensive distribution networks and logistics are key to achieving a high level of penetration in both the urban and rural markets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Factors like low entry barriers in terms of low capital investment, fiscal incentives from government and low brand awareness in rural areas have led to the mushrooming of the unorganised sector à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Providing good price points is the key to success THE TOP 10 COMPANIES IN FMCG SECTOR S. NO. Companies 1. Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 2. ITC (Indian Tobacco Company) 3. Nestlà © India 4. GCMMF (AMUL) 5. Dabur India 6. Asian Paints (India) 7. Cadbury India 8. Britannia Industries 9. Procter Gamble Hygiene and Health Care 10. Marico Industries Market Summary Approximately 80 percent of the Dutch food retail outlets are full service supermarkets, operating on floor space between 500 and 1,500 square meters located downtown and in residential areas. The remaining 20 percent includes superstores located in industrial parks, convenience stores near human traffic and department stores. In Belgium, full service supermarkets, like Colruyt and AD Delhaize, account for an estimated 75 percent of the market. The share of superstores and convenience stores in Belgium is higher than in the Netherlands, an estimated 25%. In Luxembourg, full service supermarkets like Cactus, Alvo and Match dominate the market as well. In all three markets, independent food retail stores are increasingly leaving the scene. On-going consolidation in the retail market, changing consumer demands and shrinking margins seem to drive this trend. The top 3 biggest retailers in the Netherlands, Albert Heijn, C1000, and Jumbo [1] , have a market share of 56 percent. The market for discounters like Aldi and Lidl has stabilized around 15%. Also discounters like Bas van der Heijden, Dirk van den Heijden and Digros were able to maintain their share of the market. In Belgium, the leading 3 retailers have 75 percent of the market. The market share of the discounters in Belgium is about 40% where Colruyt saw its market share growing at the expense of Aldi and Lidl. Recent market share figures for Luxembourg were not available when writing the report. Table 1: Market Shares of Leading Food Retailers in 2010 Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Company Name Market Share Company Name Market share Company Name No. of Stores Albert Heijn 31.1% Carrefour 29.0% Delhaize 30 C1000 14.9% Delhaize 25.0% Cactus 18 Jumbo 9.9% Colruyt 23.5% Match 14 Aldi 8.5% Aldi 12.5% Alvo 11 Plus 6.1% Lidl 4.0% Smatch 8 Lidl 5.5% Louis Delhaize 3.0% Cora 2 Other 23.8% Other 3.0% Auchan 1 Total 100.0% Total 100.0% Higher Prices For Food Products The turnover of the Benelux food retail industry in 2009 was an estimated à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬52.7 billion (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬31.1 billion in the Netherlands, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬21.1 billion in Belgium and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬0.5 billion in Luxembourg). For 2010 turnover is expected to increase by 1.5%. Reasons for this moderate growth: Expected moderate increase of the unemployment rate Limited economic growth Consumers plan to spend more food euros at retail than foodservice Due to the current economic situation the growth of value-added products has decreased at the expense of more basic products. Table 2: Turnover Benelux food retail, past 5 years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 44.1 billion à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 45.7 billion à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 47.7 billion à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 50.5 billion à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 52,7 billion The trend of higher prices for raw materials and therefore consumer products, as discussed in the previous Food Retail report, seems to have stopped. Benelux consumer prices rank among the cheapest within the EU-27. Changing Consumer Needs In addition to the fact that Benelux consumers are shedding retailer-loyalty, they shop at different times and locations. During lunch breaks, people buy their lunch and often the ingredients for that eveningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s meal. Small convenience stores, like AH To Go and Delhaize shop à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾n go are opened at locations near heavy traffic like train stations, schools, and shopping malls to satisfy these consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ needs. The traditional neighborhood grocery stores are either going out of business, are taken over or are changing their product portfolio. They are expanding the grocery line of fresh and convenient prepared-foods with tailor-made sandwiches, filled tortillas and drinks to satisfy the consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ need for food for now. The ready-to-cook segment is also expanding. Awareness of Health and Well-Being Consumers are becoming more aware of and are more concerned about the effects food has on their health and well-being. There is a trend to a healthier lifestyle in Western countries. The following US industries have all benefitted from this trend: nuts (like pistachios, almonds, walnuts, etc.), fruits (like cranberries, pomegranates, berries, etc.), seafood (like salmon, halibut, etc.). Consumers are more cautious about foodborne illnesses. Consumers are looking for and finding more information on this topic; the media, including the Internet, TV and magazines, respond to this desire and feed into it. Food processors and retailers play a crucial role as well, as they develop and market food products (like juices from POMwonderfull, Healthy People, etc.) to create, anticipate and meet consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ needs. Climate Change Carbon Footprint Labeling Last year the European Commission conducted a survey on mandatory Carbon Footprint Labeling (CFL). Popular support for CFLl by country, varied between 47% to 90% of all 27,000 Europeans that were interviewed. Seventy percent of the respondents in Belgium and Luxemburg were supportive of a mandatory label whereas this was only supported by half of the Dutch interviewees. The latter, on the other hand, were after the Finnish the most likely (28%) to prefer a voluntary labeling system. After the December 2009 U.N. Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the discussion on CFL got a new boost. Belgian federal Minister of Climate and Energy, Mr. Paul Magnette, stated that in addition to the price, the CO2 emission should also be mentioned on each product. This way, consumers become aware and see to what extent the products they buy influence global warming. Carbon Footprint Labeling is not (yet) an issue in the Netherlands. The government hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸t come out with a statement or position on CFL. It seems that all the individual stakeholders are waiting for the other to make the first move. Within the EU-27, the U.K. and Sweden are taking a leading role in CFL. For more information on Sweden, see GAIN Report SW9016. The overall labeling requirements for the Benelux can be found in the following GAIN Reports: NL9020 and GAIN BE9004. Advantages and Challenges of the Benelux Food Retail Market Advantages Challenges Sector Strengths Market Opportunities: Sector Weaknesses and Competitive Threats: Expected slight recovery of the economy in the EU import regulation and tariffs. EU Benelux is a promising prospect (expecially enlargement has given and will give compared to some other EU economies) for the preferential access to products from retail industry. new member countries. Affluent, open minded and curious consumers create Discounters are the fastest growing opportunities for new products. segment in the Benelux retail market; margins continue to be under pressure. The region has an excellent infrastructure which Competition is growing from non-food offers great opportunities. retail players like IKEA, HEMA, VD and Bijenkorf as they enter the food market. Greater demand for healthy food products not or not The industry is highly consolidated and suffiently available on the local EU market; e.g. therefore has a strong negotiating seafood, tree nuts, (exotic) fruit, vegetables, juices, position and good contacts. Road Map For Market Entry Entry Strategy Success in introducing your product in the Benelux market depends mainly on knowledge of the market and building personal contact with knowledgeable and established importers. Prior to any export, invest in research that analyzes the Benelux food culture (concepts, flavor, price, requirements). Once the product has been chosen, be aware of fierce competition. There are tariff and non-tariff trade barriers that can complicate exporting to the Benelux. An importer knows the market, the trade barriers and the required documentation. The Office of Agricultural Affairs (OAA) offers guidelines on business practices and import regulations. For a complete overview of offered reports, see Section V of this report. Market Structure Supermarkets and Superstores The vast majority of supermarkets and superstores buy foreign (specialty) products via specialized importers. This is especially the case for retail-ready consumer-oriented products like sauces, beverages and snack products. Convenience stores operate, in general, on a much smaller scale and therefore buy smaller quantities through wholesalers. Department stores work either

Dickens A Christmas Carol and the Industrial Revolution Essay

Dickens' A Christmas Carol and the Industrial Revolution Besides being the secular story of Christmas time in an urban setting, A Christmas Carol, tells the sacred story of Christmas as well. With A Christmas Carol, Dickens initiated an ongoing creative process in the Anglo-American imagination. As a result of the Industrial Revolution and the growth and development of cities people's lives changed drastically as they moved from the life and traditions of the country into those of the city. As industrialization continued, for many people in the city living and working conditions worsened. As reports of horrible working conditions increased so did the literature of social concern for reform.. Prior to the publication of A Christmas Carol the ideas and concerns of various reform bills sparked increased debate over political and social issues. Whether or not Dickens had A Christmas Carol specifically in mind, it is clear that the Industrial Revolution was an important factor in making his Christmas story a tale for the times. Dickens was concerned about the working and living conditions during the Industrial Revolution, when the book was written. These are reflected in Ebenezer Scrooge. He is the shown as the mean and hateful owner, who could care less if his workers are well because he could always get more people. He knew this because during the Industrial Revolution there were more people than there were jobs, so people had to settle for worse conditions because that was all there was. When two men some into his shop wan... ...ooge indeed changes his ways he can in a sense "spoonge away the writing on the stone" and begin a new life. It is significant that Scrooge promises that "the Spirits of all Three shall strive within me. I will not shut out the lessons that they teach". This statement is indicative of several Christian statements of faith promising to live and follow the teachings of the "Three" God, Jesus Christ, and Holy Spirit. When we first met Scrooge, we are informed, and also observe that he is cold, miserly, and bitter. However, after the visit of the Ghost of Christmas future, Scrooge changes into a generous and cheerful man. It is clear that something must have caused a man who is really nice, turn into a mean and nasty person, in this case it was the Industrial Revolution.

Black People Essay

Tar Baby Toni Morrison’s novel might for some be a novel of cultural awakening. One also might at their first reading and perhaps also by reading the different studies made on Tar Baby, restricted to an interpretation that sees Jadine, Morrison’s protagonist, as woman who has, consciously or unconsciously, lost her â€Å"ancient properties† (305) and internalized the values of a white culture. Jadine has totally disconnected herself from her racial identity and cultural heritage. This reading is supported by the fact that Jadine has got her education in Europe with the financial assistance of Valerian Street (her aunt’s and uncle’s employer). Paraphrasing Marylyn sanders Mobley – the characterization of the protagonist, Jadine, draws attention to a fundamental problem as one that Morrison wants to affirm the self-reliance and freedom of a black woman who makes choices for her own life on her own terms. She also seeks to point out the dangers that can happen to the totally self-reliant if there is no historical connection. While the conflict in Tar Baby is undoubtedly â€Å"between assimilation and cultural nationalism represented by the sealskin coat Ryk has given her and the pie table† (Rayson, 94), the limiting categories which Jadine is continually forced into do not come from the white characters but primarily from the black community in which she finds herself because she (Jadine) has embraced white stereotypes along with white culture. While Valerian is portrayed as the traditional master-figure in the novel, it is actually Son, Sydney and Ondine, and the folk past represented by the different women in different places that try to conquer and dominate Jadine, who retain and represent their culture in the very colour of their skin. On the other hand, one could argue that it is as a result of Jadine’s university education in Europe and her career that further draws her away from her culture and identity and therefore (paraphrasing Mobley in Toni Morrison critical perspectives past and present) contributes significantly to the emotional and spiritual uncertainty that plague her as well as the many different roles that are imposed upon her by her aunt and uncle as well as the ‘society’ that caused her to seek upward social mobility. Sydney and Ondine, Jadine’s uncle and aunt in the novel can be seen as representative of one of the tar pits for Jadine. They do not accept all black people equal in the community in which they live because they employ racial hierarchies. Ondine sees herself as the only woman in the house (209), while Sydney notes more than twice that he is a Philadelphia Negro, â€Å"the proudest people in the race† (61). They seem to have a clear vision of what they want for Jadine their niece. As the story progresses, though, it becomes clearer that it is not actually a question of what they want for Jadine but what they want of her or expect her to do. In addition to them wanting Jadine to provide them safety and credit for their race, Ondine admits by the end of the novel, â€Å"maybe I just wanted her to feel sorry for us [†¦ ] and that’s a lowdown wish if I ever had one† (282). Jadine understands that Sydney and Ondine â€Å"had gotten Valerian to pay her tuition while they sent her the rest† (49) and Ondine keeps reminding that she â€Å"would have stood on her feet all day all night to put Jadine through that school† (193). Ondine sees Jadine as her â€Å"crown† (282), and she and Sydney are continually â€Å"boasting† (49) about Jadine’s success to the point that Margaret calls Ondine â€Å"Mother Superior† (84). In return, they seem to want Jadine to offer them safety for the rest of their lives as Ondine claims that â€Å"Nothing can happen to us as long as she’s here† (102). They are not comfortable with the idea of Jadine marrying Ryk, who is â€Å"white but European which was not as bad as white and American† (48), but they are terrified of her running off with a â€Å"no-count Negro† (193) like Son. Although their views on racial hierarchies seem to alter from time to time, on the outside they seem to want what is best for Jadine. Jadine refute Ondine’s views of black womanhood when she tells her some of the things that are expected of her from society Jadine tells Ondine that: â€Å"I don’t want to learn how to be the kind of woman you’re talking about because I don’t want to be that kind of woman† (282). This, according to Rayson (1998), might be interpreted as Jadine’s â€Å"rejecting the roles of mother, daughter, and woman to stay the tar baby† (Rayson, 95), however it marks her becoming aware of what kind of woman she is by the end of the novel. Jadine‘s inclination toward upward social mobility leads to her separation from the Afro-American roots and the tar quality that Morrison advocates. This kind of flaw in Jadine effectively disqualifies her as a black woman capable of nurturing a family and by large the community. Jadine‘s perception of an ancestral relationship from which she is estranged occurs when she sees an African woman in a Parisian bakery. When she is celebrating her success as model evidenced in her appearance on the cover of Elle, Jadine becomes nervous or perhaps uncomfortable by the African woman in yellow attire. She triggers an identity crisis in Jadine at the moment when she should have felt more secure with her professional achievement assured by beauty and education. In his African woman, Jadine catches a glimpse of beauty, a womanliness, an innate elegance, a nurturer, an authenticity that she had never known before: ? That woman‘s woman – that mother/sister/she/; that unphotographable beauty? (p. 43). By calling the African woman ? that mother/sister/she,? J. Deswal (online source â€Å"Tar Baby- Shodhganga) claims that â€Å"Morrison presents a threefold definition of womanhood which can thrive within the confines of family and community only. The three eggs she balances effortlessly in her ? tar-black fingers? (p. 44) appear to Jadine as if the woman were boasting of her own easy acceptance of womanhood†. Wendy Harding and Jacky Martin in A World of Difference: An Inter-cultural Study of Toni Morrison explain the importance of the African woman‘s presence as such: â€Å"Whereas Jadine has just been rewarded for her conformity to Western ideals of feminity, the African woman suggests a more powerful version of black womanhood. Like some fertility goddess, she holds in her hand the secret of life. She is the mother of the world in whose black hands whiteness appears as something as easily crushed as cared for (71). When Jadine measures herself by the idea of black womanhood that she sees in the African woman the insecurities of her rootless condition surface in her mind. The women in yellow makes Jadine confront her female role and her sexuality†. Jadine sees ? something in her eyes so powerful? (p. 42) that she follows the woman out of the store. The writers also claim that â€Å"As a symbol of repudiation of Jadine‘s westernized lifestyle, the African woman ?looks right at Jadine? (p. 43) and spits on the pavement†. Jadine hates the woman for her spitting, but what she cannot do is escape feeling ? lonely in a way; lonely and inauthentic? as she tells the readers on page 45. When the sense of self is based on the denial of one‘s ethnic roots, one is certain to experience mental chaos and alienation. So, the woman‘s insult to Jadine had the powerful effect of challenging Jadine‘s choices: her white boyfriend, her girlfriends in New York, her parties, her picture on the cover of Elle and the way she lived her life. One can say that it is as a result of the African woman that Jadine desided to visit her aunt and uncle on the island. Jadine is confused and even questions her plans to marry Ryk, her white boyfriend: I wonder if the person he wants to marry is me or a black girl? And if it isn‘t me he wants, but any black girl who looks like me, talks and acts like me, what will happen when he finds out that I hate ear hoops, that I don‘t have to straighten my hair, that Mingus puts me to sleep, that sometimes I want to get out of my skin and be only the person inside – not American – not black – just me? (p. 45) It is through Son, however, that Morrison offers Jadine the ultimate opportunity to ‘redeem’ herself to her heritage, adapt it and revive her womanhood. Son picks up from where the African woman left off in a sense by making Jadine confront her inauthenticity. Jadine and Son enjoys their stay in New York because it is the place where Jadine feels at ease. She feels loved and safe: ? He ‘unorphaned’ her completely and gave her a brand-new childhood? (p. 231). In turn, Son is encouraged by her need and by his apparent ability to redefine Jadine culturally and emotionally. Son insists that he and Jadine goes to Eloe his hometown where Jadine will see how Son is rooted in family and cultural heritage. He attempts to rescue Jadine from her ignorance and disdain for her cultural heritage, trying in a sense to mould Jadine into the image of his black female ancestors. Son assumes that a relationship with Jadine will mean that they will have children together. He presses claims for family and community: ? He smiled at the vigour of his own heartbeat at the thought of her having his baby? (p. 220). Thus, he wants Jadine to love the nurturing aspects of home and fraternity. He is fed on dreams of his community women. The dreams of ? yellow houses with white doors? and ? fat black ladies in white dresses minding the pie table? (p. 119) are nourishment to Son. Sandra Pouchet Paquet (The ancestors as foundation in their eyes were watching god and tar baby) observes: ? In Son‘s dreams of Eloe, the African-American male ego is restored in a community of black man at the center of a black community. But however appreciative Son is of the beauty, the strength, and the toughness of black women; his vision is of male dominance; of the black women as handmaiden? (511). The image feminity that Son cherishes – of the black woman taking passive role as a nurturer of the hearth – is flagrantly opposite to Jadine‘s perception of the modern black woman. This terrifies Jadine and narrows the possibility of their forming a family. The modern, educated black woman seems to snivel at the aspects of traditional female- specific role as the nurturer of hearth and home. Decadent white values and life style thwart the black woman’s vital roles of building families and raising children. The modern black woman cannot be a complete human being, for she allows her education to keep her career separate from her nurturing role. The black woman is increasingly becoming able to define her own status and to be economically independent. She tries to seek equality in her relationship with men. Robert Staples gives an insight into the faltering dynamics of modern couples: ? What was once a viable institution because women were a subservient group has lost its value for some people in these days of women‘s liberation. The stability of marriage was contingent on the woman accepting her place in the home and not creating dissension by challenging the male‘s prerogatives? (125). The black woman‘s intrinsic quality of ? accepting her place in the home? is Morrison‘s tar quality. However, in advocating the tar quality Morrison does not admonish the educational and professional accomplishments of the black woman. In fact, the black woman is expected to achieve a balance between her roles in the domestic and professional fields. â€Å"It is the historical ability of black women to keep their families and careers together. In an era where both the black male and female seek to fulfill individual desires, relationships falter and, consequently, the prospects of the propagation of a family are not too bright. Jadine‘s tar quality is submerged by the white-like urge for freedom and self-actualization. As a result, she finds the conventions of black womanhood antithetical to her own value system†. At Eloe, Jadine is determined to resist rigid male-female role categorization. Jadine cannot ?understand (or accept) her being shunted off with Ellen and the children while the men grouped on the porch and after a greeting, ignored her? (p. 248). While at Eloe, Jadine is provided with yet another chance to attain certain qualities that is for black women. She is accustomed to living an upper-class white lifestyle so she finds the people of Eloe limited and backward. Their stifling little shacks are more foreign to her than the hotel-like splendor of Valerian‘s mansion. She stays in Aunt Rosa‘s house where she feels claustrophobically enclosed in a dark, windowless room. She feels ? she might as well have been in a cave, a grave, the dark womb of the earth, suffocating with the sound of plant life moving, but deprived of its sight? (p. 254). It is in this very room where Jadine and Son were having sex that she had a second awakening vision, which is more frightening than the one she had in Paris about the African Woman. Here, Older, black, fruitful and nurturing women – her own dead mother, her Aunt Ondine, Son‘s dead wife, the African woman in yellow and other black women of her past – become a threatening part of Jadine‘s dreams: I have breasts too,‘ she said or thought or willed, I have breasts too. ‘ But they didn‘t believe her. They just held their own higher and pushed their own farther out and looked at her,? (p. 261) and ? the night women were not merely against her†¦ not merely looking superior over their sagging breasts and folded stomachs, they seemed somehow in agreement with each other about her, and were all determined to punish her for having neglected her cultural heritage. They wanted to bind the person she had become and choke it with their breasts. The night women?accuse Jadine for trading the ? ancient properties? (p. 308) of being a daughter, mother, and a woman for her upward mobility and self-enhancement. All these women are punishing Jadine for her refusal to define herself in relation to family, historical tradition and culture. As they ‘brandish’ their breasts before her eyes, they mock and insult her with their feminity. Jadine finds these women backward and sees no self-fulfilling value in the roles that they serve. However, she is constantly haunted by dreams of the black female image that she seems to have lost throughout life. Ondine express shame and disappointment over her lack of concern for her family, the African woman, at the Parisian bakery, spits at her in disgust and the night women, in the vision at Eloe taunt her with their nurturing breasts. Having refuted her own black culture and heritage, Jadine face the consequence of a divided consciousness and a mental death. Her decision to end the love affair with Son— ? I can‘t let you hurt me again? (p. 274) is an evidence of her shunning womanhood and losing her Afro- American roots as she chooses Ryk her white boyfriend over Son who refused to become the person or image that Jadine wants him to be . Jadine is compelled to make her choice and she decides that it is in Paris, away from Son, where there are prospects of financial success and personal independence. She doesn‘t want what Son and Eloe have to offer: To settle for wifely competence when she could be a beauty queen or to settle for fertility rather than originality and nurturing instead of building? (p. 271). Jadine makes it clear to the reader that she is self-sufficient and independent of men, family and community.

Pre-Submission Checklist for Essay Writing

Pre-Submission Checklist for Essay Writing 1. Do Not Change Grammar Tenses Throughout the Essay Use the present tense (He takes this stance because †¦) or past tense (He said this because †¦) – but not both in one essay. Professors will take off quite a few points for this simple mistake. 2. Write Only in the Third Person Never write an essay in the first person (I believe). Never write in the second person (You †¦) Only write college writing assignments in the third person (The reader may not agree with this statement.) TOP 10 MISTAKES MADE WHEN WRITING ESSAYS PART 1 3. Avoid Using Contractions Not can’t see, but cannot see. Not couldn’t, but could not. Don’t use didn’t, but did not. Don’t use, should’ve but should have. 4. Spell Words Correctly There are dictionaries and spell checks for a reason. Use them. Misspelling words will cost a student a substantial loss in points due to carelessness. 5. Fact-Check the Sources and Complete a Page to Avoid Plagiarism Any source used in an essay, no matter how little, should be recorded in the student’s page. Just in case. It helps them avoid plagiarism: the practice of taking someone elses work or ideas and passing them off as ones own. Which results in Expulsion. TOP 10 MISTAKES MADE WHEN WRITING ESSAYS PART 2 6. Leave no Dangling Participles This is when a participle (the nominal form of a verb, most often ending –ing) lacks a clear connection with the word it modifies. It’s like a sentence changing midstream for no apparent reason. Incorrect – dangling participle: Writing at my kitchen table, the sudden noise startled me. [Writing lacks connection with noise]. Turning around, the view was much transformed. [Turning lacks connection with a view]. Correct – no dangling participle: Writing at my kitchen table, I was startled by the sudden noise. Turning the corner, he discovered that the view was much transformed. The tips listed in the article will definitely help you consider all the details when writing an essay. If you want to know more about the pitfalls  to be avoided in writing your college essays, read the related articles on our website. Some links are given above in the article. If you  dont feel like learning all those nuances, place an order and our writers will write a perfect essay for you.

Civil War Reconstruction essays

Civil War Reconstruction essays It was 1865, the Civil War had ended and President Abraham Lincoln has been assassinated. Lincoln had been the moderator between the extreme beliefs of the Republican majority in Congress and the liberal ideas of the Democrats or Confederate sympathizers. None the less Reconstruction needed to begin as soon as possible. The South needed to be rebuilt, economically as well as geographically; the Union would have to readmit all former Confederate states in order for the reconstruction to begin. Lincolns point of view had been that the South deserved to be readmitted. Others, such as Congress, felt like the South should pay for their rebellious behavior. They felt this way because they were afraid that the South would rebel again. There were many different ideas on how the Reconstruction for the South was to be dealt with, but the most important were Lincolns Plan, Johnson Plans of Reconstruction, and the Radical Republican Reconstruction. Lincolns Plan consisted of two major points: the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, which included the Ten Percent Plan and the acceptance of the Thirteenth Amendment. The Proclamation of Amnesty stated that before returning to the Union, the Confederates would take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States of America and the Union of the states there under. Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction was to readmit Southern States on liberal terms, and offered a 10% plan. This plan allowed southern states to reenter the union and develop a state government as soon as 10% of the state's population signed a loyalty pledge however Congress wished to be more severe. Lincoln might have been able to carry his plan through but he was killed shortly after the beginning of his second term in office. Andrew Johnson, the successor to Lincoln, initially showed views on Reconstruction similar to those that Lincoln had ...